Exploiting Approximate Feature Extraction via Genetic Programming for Hardware Acceleration in a Heterogeneous Microprocessor

Abstract

This paper presents a heterogeneous microprocessor for low-energy sensor-inference applications. Hardware acceleration has shown to enable substantial energy-efficiency and throughput gains, but raises significant challenges where programmable computations are required, as in the case of feature extraction. To overcome this, a programmable feature-extraction accelerator (FEA) is presented that exploits genetic programming for automatic program synthesis. This leads to approximate, but highly structured, computations, enabling: 1) a high degree of specialization; 2) systematic mapping of programs to the accelerator; and 3) energy scalability via user-controllable approximation knobs. A microprocessor integrating a CPU with feature-extraction and classification accelerators is prototyped in 130-nm CMOS. Two medical-sensor applications (electroencephalogram-based seizure detection and electrocardiogram-based arrhythmia detection) demonstrate 325 $\times $ and 156 $\times $ energy reduction, respectively, for programmable feature extraction implemented on the accelerator versus a CPU-only architecture, and 7.6 $\times $ and 6.5 $\times $ energy reduction, respectively, versus a CPU-with-coprocessor architecture. Furthermore, 20 $\times $ and 9 $\times $ energy scalability, respectively, is demonstrated via the approximation knobs. The energy-efficiency of the programmable FEA is 220 GOPS/W, near that of fixed-function accelerators in the same technology, exceeding typical programmable accelerators.