Abstract
In the current study, by-product seed pastes (VSPs) from Vitis vinifera, Foeniculum vulgare, Cannabis sativa and Punica granatum, generated during the oil production process, were investigated for their potential exploitation as dermo-cosmetic agent. The extraction pipeline of all the raw materials was developed with emphasis on green methodologies and employed on laboratory scale based on industry-adopted techniques. Two different protocols were applied, Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) and Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE); the by-product pastes were defatted with supercritical CO2 and n-Hexane, respectively. Then, two SFE extracts (CO2 with 10% and 20% of ethanol as co-solvent) and two UAE extracts (with ethanol and ethanol/water 1:1 v/v) were obtained from each raw material. The providing yield range was between 2.6 to 76.3 mg/g raw material. The extracts were analyzed with High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Liquid Chromatography coupled with High-Resolution Mass Spectrometer (LC-HRMS), and the major compounds, were identified. All the extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant and inhibition activity against collagenase, elastase and tyrosinase enzymes. Grapevine by-product extracts found rich in proanthocyanidins and presented the higher inhibition activity. A holistic green experimental methodology is proposed for the obtainment of extracts from significant medicinal plants by-products that provides us with promising results concerning dermo-cosmetic properties, especially for grape seeds extracts.
Highlights
Cultivated plants were used from ancient times for food, and for pharmacological purposes [1]
The highest oil yield was obtained from Hemp (Hmp) seeds (19% v/w of raw material), followed by Pomegranate (Pmg) seeds and Grape (Grp) seeds (7% v/w each), while Fennel (Fnn) seeds had the lowest oil production (1.5% v/w) (Table 1)
The seeds of Foeniculum vulgare were obtained from producers of Attiki area, Cannabis sativa seeds obtained from industrial hemp variety Fedora, cultivated at Thessalian valey, while Punica granatum seeds were collected from Argolida
Summary
Cultivated plants were used from ancient times for food, and for pharmacological purposes [1]. Grapevine is considered as the most known plant for the production of alcoholic beverages, like wines and spirits [5]. During the fruit processing high amounts of solid wastes are produced, mainly seeds [6]. The food industry consumes huge quantities of pomegranates for the production of juices and other nutritional products, leading at the generation of seeds and peels that are considered as wastes [7]. Fennel is an aromatic plant, popular for its caudex and roots as flavor enhancement in foods, while its seeds have limited applications [8]. Hemp is one of the most famous medical plants, with a plethora of uses in pharmaceutical, fabric and many other fields, producing seeds as secondary material through the different processes [9]
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