Explicit Kronecker–Weyl theorems and applications to prime number races

Abstract

We prove explicit versions of the Kronecker–Weyl theorems, both in a discrete and a continuous settings, without any linear independence hypothesis. As an application, we propose an alternative approach to problems concerning asymptotic densities in prime number races, over number fields and over function fields in one variable over finite fields, in the language of random variables. Our approach allows us to prove new results on the existence and positivity of some of those densities, which, in the case of races over function fields, do not require any linear independence hypothesis.