Abstract
The paper aims to investigate the gender in higher education andcareer experience of women academicians to understand the factors that undermine their career progression. The objectives of the study are to overview the existing situation of women and men in universities and to identify the barriers that cause the underepresentation of women. Both primary and secondary data was used in the study.Questionnaire (Quantitative method )was used to collect the data. The sample of the study consists of 120 women academician of three universities. The sample universities were AIOU, AJ&K and FJWU. Data was analysed through percentage,tabulation and graphs. The paper examined the factors such as work/family conflict, exclusion of women from policy formulation,facilities provided by organization, attitude of male superior and colleagues and difficulties to exercise authority over male.The findings show that work/family conflict and difficulties to exercise authority, exclusion of women from policy formulation are negatively impact on women’s career progression.This study provides an opportunity to develop an insight into the issue of women’s representation in academic and administrative positions in universities. The findings of this study may provide information to different working organizations. There are different projects and programs of ministry of education, ministry of women development. This research would be beneficial both for public and private universities. The study might serve to strengthen efforts to implement equal opportunities for women in the universities and encourage women to put themselves forward for appointment to management positions.
Highlights
“Women account half the world’s population, perform two thirds of the hour worked receive one tenth of the world’s income and have one hundredth of the world’s prosperity in their name” (Momsen, 1991, www.bcca.org)
The cultural and economic constraints limit the girl’s education. This low entrance to higher education undermines the representation of women in the management of tertiary education (UNESCO, 1993)
UNESCO declared that gender equality should be a key items on the agenda from 2008-2013.There is a big difference between the status of women and men in Pakistan
Summary
“Women account half the world’s population, perform two thirds of the hour worked receive one tenth of the world’s income and have one hundredth of the world’s prosperity in their name” (Momsen, 1991, www.bcca.org). The cultural and economic constraints limit the girl’s education This low entrance to higher education undermines the representation of women in the management of tertiary education (UNESCO, 1993). UNESCO declared that gender equality should be a key items on the agenda from 2008-2013.There is a big difference between the status of women and men in Pakistan. These differences remain without any major change. Beijing Plate form calling for government to ensure women’s equal access to and full participation in power structures, decision-making and leadership (Beijing Platform, 1995, CEDAW).Access to higher education is accompanies by underrepresentation of women in traditional female studies. The percentage of women associate professors in Pakistan is lower than the Bangladesh and India (Lund Survey, 1998).The objective of the study is to identify the factors that cause the underrepresentation of women in management
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