Abstract
BackgroundThe prevalence of hookah consumption has been on the increase in Iran over the past two decades. This rate is higher among women than men in the south of Iran than other geographical areas. The purpose of this study was to explain the determinants of hookah consumption among indigenous women of Bandar Abbas city, southern Iran.MethodsThis is the first qualitative study with the conventional content analysis approach that has examined the factors affecting the consumption of hookah at all ecological levels in 2018–2019. Participants, with a maximum variation in terms of age, education, occupation, hookah consumption and geographical areas of the city, were selected purposefully to take part in a semi-structured interview. The data were recorded, typed and analyzed according to the framework of the ecological model of health promotion at five levels (intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, social and political). The interview continued until data saturation. MAXQDA software version 10 was used for data management.ResultsInterviews were conducted with 56 participants (21 female hookah smokers, 15 female ex- smokers, and 20 experienced experts). A total of eight main categories were extracted from the data including; positive attitude towards hookah consumption, psychosocial needs, sensory charms of hookah, individual factors, family factors, cultural-environmental backgrounds, social-political backgrounds, and economic challenges.ConclusionsThe results indicated the extensive influence of internal and external factors on the consumption of hookah. In order to successfully reduce the consumption of hookah, it is essential to consider intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, social and political factors.
Highlights
The prevalence of hookah consumption has been on the increase in Iran over the past two decades
In order to successfully reduce the consumption of hookah, it is essential to consider intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, social and political factors
This rate is higher in the south of Iran than other geographical areas [1, 2] Hormozgan, the southernmost province of Iran, is near Arab countries such as Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia where water pipe smoking is prevalent among the general population
Summary
The prevalence of hookah consumption has been on the increase in Iran over the past two decades. This rate is higher in the south of Iran than other geographical areas [1, 2] Hormozgan, the southernmost province of Iran, is near Arab countries such as Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia where water pipe smoking is prevalent among the general population [3]. This province ranks third in Iran in terms of the prevalence of hookah consumption [2]. Compared to women outside of Iran, the prevalence of hookah consumption was higher among women in the south of Iran, with the rate being 7 to 8% among women
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