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Abstract
The concept of quantum money (QM) was proposed by Wiesner in the 1970s. Its main advantage is that every attempt to copy QM unavoidably leads to imperfect counterfeits. In the Wiesner’s protocol, quantum banknotes need to be delivered to the issuing bank for verification. Thus, QM requires quantum communication which range is limited by noise and losses. Recently, Bozzio et al. (2018) have demonstrated experimentally how to replace challenging quantum verification with a classical channel and a quantum retrieval game (QRG). This brings QM significantly closer to practical realisation, but still thorough analysis of the revised scheme QM is required before it can be considered secure. We address this problem by presenting a proof-of-concept attack on QRG-based QM schemes, where we show that even imperfect quantum cloning can, under some circumstances, provide enough information to break a QRG-based QM scheme.
Highlights
The concept of quantum money (QM) was proposed by Wiesner in the 1970s
While this result brings QM closer to practical implementation, here we demonstrate that quantum retrieval game (QRG)-based QM schemes are still vulnerable to a new kind of attack which can be considered a quantum version of sniffing
The main advantage of this scheme is that the terminal measurement itself is sufficient for authentication of the credit card, so quantum states do not have to be sent to the bank for verification
Summary
The concept of quantum money (QM) was proposed by Wiesner in the 1970s. Its main advantage is that every attempt to copy QM unavoidably leads to imperfect counterfeits. Its working principle can be described as follows: the bank encodes QM (as a quantum token) using a secret sequence of qubit pairs chosen from the list of eight options: S = {|0 + 〉, |0 − 〉, |1 + 〉, |1 − 〉, | + 0〉, | − 0〉, | + 1〉, | − 1〉} , (1) We show that by using optimal quantum cloning we can learn the secret faster than by limiting the attack only to classical data processing.
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