Abstract
The integration of Hydrogen technologies in different end-uses such as transport, electric microgrids, residential and industrial applications, will increase exponentially soon. Hydrogen as energy carrier allows more favourable energy conversion than other conventional systems and is crucial in worldwide decarbonize end uses. The production of green hydrogen, using RES, is a key area for the evolution of this technology. In this context, SWITCH is a Horizon 2020 European Project that aims to design, build and test an in-situ fully integrated and continuous multisource hydrogen production system, based on solid oxide cell technology. Reversible Solid Oxide Cell (rSOCs) technologies allow to convert renewable energy as hydrogen in the power-to-gas application (P2G) and in reversible mode is able to produce electricity from hydrogen stored, power-to-power application (P2P). rSOCs are really interesting to stabilize the random nature of RES because a combined electrolysis and fuel cell system should be able to switch between the two modes as quickly as possible in order to optimize the integration and the use of RES. However, rSOCs need a complex BoP from the thermal point of view, able to guarantee high efficiency even at partial load mode as well as easy start-up and shutdown procedures. In this work, a Stack Box Module dynamic model was developed in Modelica environment as a dynamic tool for the definition and optimization of BoP requirements. Stack model was validated in SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) and SOE (Solid Oxide Electrolyser). The results of the simulation provide verification of the technical/thermodynamic behaviour and flexibility of a stack box of 70 cells. Dynamic modelling allows to evaluate the effect of the reagent inlet temperatures on the operation and hydrogen production/consumption in terms of yield as well as the transients between the different operative modes. Model has been validated by experimental measurements performed in the laboratory. In particular, the kinetics of the reactions governing steam methane reforming (SMR) was considered from data found in the literature, while the ASR (Area Specific Resistance) value was calibrated according to experimental data. The results of the dynamic model show as model can be a useful design and optimization tool for the SOCs technology.
Highlights
According to the European Hydrogen Strategy, mass production of electrolysers is expected to be deployed on the market with capacities of 6 GW by 2024 and 40 GW by 2030 [1]
Reversible Solid Oxide Cell technologies allow to convert renewable energy as hydrogen in the power-to-gas application (P2G) and in reversible mode is able to produce electricity from hydrogen stored, power-to-power application (P2P). Reversible Solid oxide cells (rSOCs) are really interesting to stabilize the random nature of renewable energy sources (RES) because a combined electrolysis and fuel cell system should be able to switch between the two modes as quickly as possible in order to optimize the integration and the use of RES
The kinetics of the reactions governing steam methane reforming (SMR) was considered from data found in the literature, while the area specific resistance (ASR) (Area Specific Resistance) value was calibrated according to experimental data
Summary
According to the European Hydrogen Strategy, mass production of electrolysers is expected to be deployed on the market with capacities of 6 GW by 2024 and 40 GW by 2030 [1]. Reversible Solid oxide cells (rSOCs) occurs in electrochemical devices that operate at high temperature (800-1000 °C). They are attractive as electrochemical devices since they can operate both as fuel cells and as electrolysers depending on the application and needs. The behaviour of both Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and Solid oxide electrolyser (SOE) has been studied and reported in many articles [2][3][4][5] and the reversibility has been investigated since the 1980s when both steam[6][7]. Values of area specific resistance at temperature T0 (T0 =1073K) ASR0 and activation energy (Ea) valid for the calculation of area specific resistance (ASR) for the SOE and SOFC cases respectively were extrapolated through laboratory tests and used to validate the model and the simulation results of rSOFC behaviour
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