Abstract
The large critical current in type-II superconductors is due to the pinning of the flux line lattice (FLL) by the crystal lattice defects. The interaction between crystal lattice defects and the FLL has been directly demonstrated by decorating the FLL in a thin-foil superconductor with ferromagnetic particles and then observing the FLL arrangement together with the lattice defects in the foil with transmission electron microscopy [1]. When a transport current is passed through the superconductor, the FLL experiences a body force F = B × J, where B is the externally applied magnetic induction and J is the current density. Under the influence of this force, the FLL would move, and a voltage would be generated if it were not for the pinning effect of the crystal lattice defects. Measurements of the critical current density then provide information on the maximum pinning-force density.
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