Experimental teratogeny in the tick Hyalomma marginatum marginatum (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae): effect of high humidity on embryonic development.

Abstract

The effect of 90% RH on the embryonic development of Hyalomma marginatum marginatum Koch was investigated at 25 degrees C. Under the influence of this factor, 2.1% dead eggs, 13.0% dead embryos, 6.9% abnormally hatched larvae, 0.2% larvae with malformations, and 77.8% normal larvae appeared. The embryos died during the cleavage of nuclei, the formation of the blastoderm, the formation of the germ band and its metamerization, and the differentiation of the leg anlagen. Egg hatch was also inhibited in various phases. Various kinds of anomalies were observed in larvae of Hyalomma m. marginatum. Most teratological changes (70.8%) occurred within the idiosoma. They were hetromorphose (32.6%), oligomely (15.4%), heterosymely (12.3%), symely (1.5%), atrophy (6.1%), and ectomely (3.1%). Anomalies within the gnathosoma occurred rarely (3.1%). As many as 26.2% larvae had composite anomalies (oligomely, heterosymely, atrophy) together. They contained various structures of the gnathosoma or idiosoma. These anomalies decreased the survival rate of the larvae. The investigations showed that during the formation of the blastoderm, the formation of the germ band and its metamerization the embryos have the largest susceptibility of being affected by high humidity. Some anomalies in specimens collected from nature may develop under influence of unfavorable humidity levels.