Experimental study on micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) of aqueous solution and wastewater containing lead ion with mixed surfactants

Abstract

We studied the performance of single and mixed surfactants for removal of Pb 2+ from aqueous solution and wastewater by MEUF. Anionic surfactant, SDS and 2 nonionic surfactants, TX-100 and NP12 were used. The experiments were carried out using a flat sheet module with polyethersulfone membrane (MWCO 10 kDa). Single surfactants, SDS gave high Pb 2+ rejections but low SDS rejections while TX-100 and NP12 showed opposite results. The use of mixed surfactants between SDS and nonionic surfactants can effectively enhance both Pb 2+ and surfactant rejections. The optimum amount of nonionic surfactants added was at mole fractions of 0.1 for both SDS/TX-100 and SDS/NP12 systems in which the highest Pb 2+ rejection can be achieved. At this mole fraction (1.37 mM) of TX-100 and NP12 with 12.3 mM of SDS, the Pb 2+ rejections were higher than 98.4%. High rejections of SDS (80%), TX-100 and NP12 (> 99%) were also obtained. The MEUF showed promising results of real wastewater tested. The analysis of transport resistances showed that polarization resistance was dominant and fouling was very low for both single and mixed surfactants. Fouling resistances of mixed surfactants were higher than that of pure SDS but lower than those of pure nonionic surfactants.