Abstract

The increasing concern over environmental pollution and energy security has intensified the search for alternative fuels. This study explores the impact of 1-pentanol blends on the combustion performance and emission characteristics of water-emulsified Gossypium hirsutum (cottonseed) oil biodiesel in a compression ignition engine. Cottonseed oil was converted into biodiesel via transesterification, and its elemental, chemical, and physicochemical properties were thoroughly analyzed. A key contribution of this work is the formulation of a fuel blend comprising 30 % cottonseed oil biodiesel (COB) by volume mixed with diesel fuel, further emulsified with 10 % water by volume. The water-emulsified biodiesel was then enhanced with a 10 % volume concentration of 1-pentanol. The energy and environmental performance of these test fuels were evaluated in a single-cylinder compression ignition engine under various operating conditions. The study's findings reveal that the alcohol-blended, water-emulsified biodiesel significantly improves combustion efficiency and reduces emissions compared to conventional diesel fuel. Notably, the addition of 10 % 1-pentanol to the water-emulsified biodiesel led to a 14.3 % reduction in hydrocarbon emissions and a 12.8 % reduction in carbon monoxide emissions. Furthermore, there was a 3.2 % improvement in brake thermal efficiency and a 1.4 % decrease in specific fuel consumption. This research demonstrates that blending alcohol with water-emulsified biodiesel not only enhances combustion efficiency but also offers a promising strategy for reducing the environmental impact of diesel engines and potentially lowering fossil fuel dependence by 50 %.

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