Abstract
We analyze experimentally the polarization properties of highly nonlinear small-core photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) with no intentional birefringence. The properties of recently emerged polarization maintaining PANDA PCFs are also investigated. The wavelength and temperature dependence of phase and group delay of these fibers are examined in the telecommunications wavelength range. Compared to a standard PANDA fiber, the polarization characteristics and temperature dependence are found to be qualitatively different for both types of fibers.
Highlights
Birefringence in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) usually results from accidental asymmetries in the cladding-hole lattice or from intentional manipulation of the core and/or cladding structure [1, 2]
We have conducted an experimental analysis of the temperature and wavelength dependence of phase and group delay for different highly birefringent PCFs in the telecom wavelength range
We found that the phase delay β increases nearly linearly with wavelength in two smallcore PCFs
Summary
Birefringence in photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) usually results from accidental asymmetries in the cladding-hole lattice or from intentional manipulation of the core and/or cladding structure [1, 2]. In a PANDA PCF, birefringence is introduced by stress applying elements as in a standard PANDA fiber. In the presence of strong form birefringence (small-core PCFs), the phase and group birefringence can have very different values [7] and it is important to investigate them both. For standard PANDA fibers on the other hand (as well as for other fibers having large stress birefringence), the phase and group birefringence have quite similar values. PCFs made from one material only are expected to be to a large extent insensitive against temperature fluctuations [9] This is due to the lack of asymmetric stress which builds up in standard fibers with different core and cladding materials (i.e. dopants). The results are further compared with a standard PM fiber
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