Abstract
In order to understand the extreme wave acting on the vertical breakwater, a series of experiments were constructed in the wave tank to measure the variations of pressure on the front, rear faces, and below the caisson due to overtopping waves. The front and backward horizontal forces and the uplift forces were estimated by integrating the dynamic wave pressure distributions. The COBRAS numerical model was also used to calculate the wave loads under various overtopping waves. The measured wave pressures and wave forces were compared with the predictions of numerical results and showed good agreement. It was found that the forces acting on the backward side of the vertical structure induced by the wave overtopping should be considered. From the experimental data, new semi-empirical equations for calculating the maximum wave forces are proposed using a least squares approximation.
Highlights
Structural stability must be calculated when designing coastal structures or harbor breakwaters against the extreme waves
Studies on perforated caisson breakwaters have used theoretical, physical, and numerical models to investigate the horizontal force on the seaward face and the uplifting forces at the bottom under the wave impact
The results indicated that Goda’s formula overestimated predictions of the maximum forces on the front and bottom faces in cases of large wave steepness and overtopping waves
Summary
Structural stability must be calculated when designing coastal structures or harbor breakwaters against the extreme waves. Studies on perforated caisson breakwaters have used theoretical, physical, and numerical models to investigate the horizontal force on the seaward face and the uplifting forces at the bottom under the wave impact. Such overtopping waves and their accompanying wave forces can induce various mechanisms of structure failure that result in structural instability [1,2,3,4]. [25] used a numerical model and simplified equations to calculate the wave force induced by monochromatic waves impinging on a caisson These previous studies have provided valuable results that have elucidated the horizontal and vertical loading on the seaward and bottom faces of different coastal structures. Asymptotic equations based on the experimental data according to a least squares approximation are derived in this study
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