Abstract
The VIolation of Pauli exclusion principle -2 experiment, or VIP-2 experiment, at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso searches for X-rays from copper atomic transitions that are prohibited by the Pauli exclusion principle. Candidate direct violation events come from the transition of a 2p electron to the ground state that is already occupied by two electrons. From the first data taking campaign in 2016 of VIP-2 experiment, we determined a best upper limit of 3.4~times ~10^{-29} for the probability that such a violation exists. Significant improvement in the control of the experimental systematics was also achieved, although not explicitly reflected in the improved upper limit. By introducing a simultaneous spectral fit of the signal and background data in the analysis, we succeeded in taking into account systematic errors that could not be evaluated previously in this type of measurements.
Highlights
Quantum Field Theory (QFT) is not complete [3] and current proofs of the spin-statistics connection may possibly break in extensions of QFT, paving the way to the need of experimental verification of such important results of the theory like the spin-statistics connection and Pauli exclusion principle (PEP).In principle, violations of PEP can be large, e.g., where there are macroscopic violations of statistics of bosons and fermions, or small, if particles violate PEP “only a little”
The VIolation of Pauli exclusion principle -2 experiment, or VIP-2 experiment, at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso searches for X-rays from copper atomic transitions that are prohibited by the Pauli exclusion principle
Particle identity – and the necessity of Hamiltonians that are symmetric with respect to particle exchange – rules out any violation of PEP in closed systems, where the Messiah–Greenberg superselection rule [6] holds
Summary
QFT is not complete [3] and current proofs of the spin-statistics connection may possibly break in extensions of QFT, paving the way to the need of experimental verification of such important results of the theory like the spin-statistics connection and PEP. C (2018) 78:319 ment of this class has been first carried out several years ago by Ramberg and Snow [7] In the experiment they injected a high electric DC current in a copper conductor, and they searched for X-rays from transitions that are PEP-forbidden after electrons are captured by copper atoms. The fermion system is not in its ground state, we should be able to observe fast electromagnetic transitions with the emission of light quanta In this framework (as discussed by Okun in his 1989 review paper [9]) there can be only two kinds of experiments: searches for non-Paulian atoms and nuclei, or searches for anomalous electromagnetic transitions. Using the same parameter definition introduced by Ramberg and Snow for the probability that the PEP is violated, the VIP experiment set a limit for the probability of the PEP violation for electrons of 4.7 × 10−29 [14–16]. An in-situ energy calibration scheme for the SDDs was implemented for the physics run, and the scheme constantly provided reference energy peaks to calibrate the digitized SDD signals to energy scale
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