Abstract
To reduce environmental impacts and ensure competitiveness, the fabrication and construction sectors focus on minimizing energy and material usage, which leads to design requirements for complex structures by joining of similar and dissimilar materials. Meeting these industrial demands requires compatible materials with improved properties such as good weight-to-strength ratios, where aluminum (Al) and its alloys are competing candidates for various complex applications. However, joining Al with fusion welding processes leads to joint deterioration. Friction stir welding (FSW) produces joints at temperatures below the melting temperature, thus avoiding flaws associated with high heat input, yet requires improvement in the resultant joint properties. Recent studies have shown that nanoparticle reinforcement in FSW joints can improve weld properties. The main focus of this study is to critically review similar and dissimilar friction stir welding of AA5083 and AA6082 with carbide and oxide nanoparticle reinforcement. The study also discusses the effect of welding parameters on reinforcement particles and the effect of nanoparticle reinforcement on weld microstructure and properties, as well as development trends using nanoparticles in FSW. Analysis shows that friction stir welding parameters have a significant influence on the dispersion of the reinforcement nanoparticles, which contributes to determining the joint properties. Moreover, the distributed nanoparticles aid in grain refinement and improve joint properties. The type, amount and size of reinforcement nanoparticles together with the welding parameters significantly influence the joint properties and microstructures in similar and dissimilar Al welds. However, research is still required to determine the strengthening mechanism used by nanoparticles and to assess other nanoparticle additions in FSW of Al alloys.
Highlights
Efficient production and reduced energy consumption have become a top priority of government policies aimed at promoting sustainable development
AA5083 in terms of microstructure and joint properties are outlined in the following secsection, considering the influence of welding parameters on reinforcement particles in tion, considering the influence of welding parameters on reinforcement particles in the joint
As the dissimilar Al joint tends to soften in the Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) region of AA6082, causing fail17 of 26 ure in the joint, studies show that incorporation of reinforcement particles in the stir zone could improve the joint integrity by improving mechanical properties as well as microstructural formation
Summary
Efficient production and reduced energy consumption have become a top priority of government policies aimed at promoting sustainable development. This paper critically reviews the effects of incorporating carbide and oxide nanoparticles in friction stir welding of geometry and welding parameters, studies suggest that using various reinforcement materials in the stir zone can prevent abnormal grain growth and lead to grain refinement, as well as enhancement of the mechanical properties of Al joints [29,30]. This paper critically reviews the fusion welding processes can produce joints with flaws, which can result in a reduction effects of incorporating carbide and oxide nanoparticles in friction stir welding of the Al in mechanical properties due to high heat input. Research over, the effects of carbide and oxide nanoparticles on microstructural formation and joint showed that mechanical strength improved in 5x series Al joints using the FSW process properties have been highlighted as well as recent trends in welding of Al alloys usthrough varying the traverse speed and rotational speed of the tool [35]. The following sections give an overview of friction stir welding of AA5083 and AA6082 with nanoparticle reinforcement and its effect on joint properties
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