Abstract
Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is an iatrogenic disease caused by the parenteral administration of iodinated contrast media (CM). A number of agents are currently being assessed to minimise or prevent CIN. Such agents are typically assessed using rat models. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive review of the rat models of CIN used in pre-clinical research. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Cochrane databases were systematically searched. Articles reporting rat models of CIN were included for assessment. Study designs, contrast agents and outcome measures were assessed. Of the assessed studies, a majority report a requirement for pre-existing renal impairment prior to the administration of CM. Outcome measures are heterogenous between studies, but typically include assessment and quantification of serum biochemical markers, cellular oxidative stress and histopathological changes. The significant variation in methodology reported in the current literature highlights the lack of consensus. The use of a reliable pre-contrast insult appears critical to result in the development of contrast nephropathy. The use of acceptable outcome measures appears to include serum laboratory markers, quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and objective histopathological outcomes.
Highlights
We provide a comprehensive review outlining previously utilised rat models for the assessment of Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN)
Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is an iatrogenic disease caused by the parenteral administration of iodinated contrast media (CM), usually in the context of diagnostic investigation or fluoroscopic therapies
There has been a significant push to improve CM and identify agents that may reduce the risk of development of CIN
Summary
Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is an iatrogenic disease caused by the parenteral administration of iodinated contrast media (CM), usually in the context of diagnostic investigation or fluoroscopic therapies. Pretreating rats with ‘insults’ is typically required to augment the development of CIN in the respective rat models Such examples of pre-contrast insults included dehydration, nephron reduction, or use of nephrotoxic compounds. While the 5/6th nephrectomy model has been widely utilized to study alternate chronic kidney disease models, its use in assessing CIN has not been previously validated. Another method of preconditioning rats in preparation for CIN studies is the use of a brief period of bilateral renal arterial occlusion of up to 45 minutes. A number of outcome measures, which included evaluation of urine, blood, renal tissue and radiological features, were utilised in the assessment of CIN in rat models.
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