Abstract
Every year, millions of children are infected with viruses that target the gastrointestinal tract, causing acute gastroenteritis and diarrheal illness. Indeed, approximately 700 million episodes of diarrhea occur in children under five annually, with RNA viruses norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus serving as major causative pathogens. Numerous methodological advancements in recent years, including the establishment of novel cultivation systems using enteroids as well as the development of murine and other animal models of infection, have helped provide insight into many features of viral pathogenesis. However, many aspects of enteric viral infections remain elusive, demanding further study. Here, we describe the different in vitro and in vivo tools available to explore different pathophysiological attributes of human enteric RNA viruses, highlighting their advantages and limitations depending upon the question being explored. In addition, we discuss key areas and opportunities that would benefit from further methodological progress.
Highlights
We discuss the in vitro and in vivo tools that are currently used to study the pathogenesis of human RNA enteric viruses, focusing on norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus, to provide a useful compendium for those beginning to explore the field of gastroenteritis (Tables 1 and 2)
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA viruses in the family Caliciviridae [70], and are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide
Viral gastroenteritis remains a serious global health concern, as we currently lack vaccines for human noroviruses (HuNoVs) and Human astroviruses (HAstVs), and the efficacy of the RV vaccine may be limited in some countries due to unclear environmental factors
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. A diverse group of viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens are responsible for acute gastroenteritis, but among these, enteric viruses cause almost half of the cases affecting patients of all ages worldwide, and in the United States, viruses are the leading cause [2]. With the global introduction of the rotavirus vaccine, noroviruses are recognized as the most important cause worldwide of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in humans of all age groups [5,6]. We discuss the in vitro and in vivo tools that are currently used to study the pathogenesis of human RNA enteric viruses, focusing on norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus, to provide a useful compendium for those beginning to explore the field of gastroenteritis (Tables 1 and 2)
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