Abstract
Hydraulic conductivity plays a vital role in the studies encompassing explorations on flow and porous media. The study investigates the compaction characteristics of a river sand (Beas, Sutlej, and Ghaggar rivers) and fly ash mix in different proportions and evaluates four empirical equations for estimating hydraulic conductivity. Experiments show that an increase in the fly ash content results in a decrease in the maximum dry density (MDD) and an increase in the corresponding optimum moisture content (OMC) of sand-fly ash samples. MDD at optimum fly ash content was achieved at low water content, which resulted in less dry unit weight than that of typical conventional fill. In Beas, Sutlej, and Ghaggar sands the optimum fly ash content up to which the hydraulic conductivity value reduced uniformly was found to be 30, 45, and 40%, respectively. Any further increase in the fly ash content results in a negligible decrease in hydraulic conductivity value. The observed hydraulic conductivity of sand-fly ash mix lies in the range of silts, which emboldens the use of sand-fly ash mix as embankment material. Further, the evaluation of empirical equations considered in the study substantiates the efficacy of the Terzaghi equation in estimating the hydraulic conductivity of river sand-fly ash mix.
Highlights
The present study investigates the influence of fly ash on the compaction and hydraulic properties of river sand
The investigations on the hydraulic conductivity of sand–fly ash mixes were conducted to examine the potential use of fly ash for specific engineering purposes
Hydraulic conductivity of sand decreased with the addition of fly ash
Summary
Hydraulic conductivity (K) is an essential parameter considered in the construction of earth and embankment dams, in the design of the drainage systems, and is of prime significance in the determination of groundwater seepage losses, settlement computations, and stability analyses (Boadu ). Flow of fluid through porous media is dependent on its hydraulic conductivity, which is governed by Darcy’s law (Ghanbarian et al ). The Reynolds number and friction factor determination of flow through porous media govern the flow regimes (Kango et al ; Li et al ).
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callMore From: Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research
Disclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
