Experimental investigation on fracture growth for integrated hydraulic fracturing in multiple gas bearing formations

Abstract

The key to extracting multiple natural gases from coalbed methane, shale and other tight gases through integrated hydraulic fracturing in coal measure strata (CMS) is determining whether hydraulic fracture can connect different gas-bearing zones. In this paper, several groups of combination samples comprised of artificial rocks were prepared. True triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments were conducted to stimulate the hydraulic fracture propagation and penetration behavior. The effects of in-situ stress, injection rate, natural fracture and well type on fracture growth were studied. The main results were as follows: (1) Fracture geometries in CMS exhibited strong asymmetric, nonplanar extension and unilateral expansion features in the vertical plane. (2) Higher values of the vertical stress difference coefficient and injection rate led to larger vertical fracture extension and an increased likelihood of fracture connection to adjacent gas-bearing layers. (3) The behavior of the hydraulic fracture varied significantly between vertical and horizontal wells. In vertical wells, the main fracture presented a "+” shape and fully communicated natural coal cleats system, while in horizontal wells, fracture height growth was limited, resulting in fracture patterns that presented vertically as “H” or “T” shape due to the hydraulic fracture's tendency to turn direction when propagating to natural weak planes. The study found that the fracture vertical extension ability increased with rising vertical stress difference coefficient. (4) Natural fractures could induce fracture turning and branching, which improved fracture network complexity but also caused fracturing fluid loss and hydraulic energy dissipation. Therefore, choosing shale or coal layer with developed natural fractures as fracturing layer was unhelpful for integrated fracturing operation. Finally, higher fracturing fluid viscosity, injection rate and gradient sanding could enhance fracturing operation efficiency. These results could provide theoretical guidance for integrated fracturing operation in CMS.