Experimental investigation of resonant frequency of sandstone saturated with magnetite nanofluid

Abstract

Electromagnetic wave is a viable means of introducing energy into reservoirs for the recovery of residual oil. However, previous studies have not considered the precise frequency of the electromagnetic (EM) wave. These studies focused on EM heating, not considering the efficiency dependence of EM transmitter and EM propagation on the EM properties of the medium. Thus, sandstone effective permittivity was experimentally measured, and electrical conductivity calculated for different saturation stages encountered in the nanofluid enhanced oil recovery process. The effective permittivity at the resonant frequency of the sandstone increased from 10.94 to 19.1 with a simultaneous frequency shift from 1.2 to 0.6 GHz due to the inclusion of magnetite nanofluid. This implies that the maximum transfer of EM energy for stimulation and activation of injected nanofluid can be achieved by irradiating the EM wave of this frequency within the reservoir for mobilization of the residual oil.