Abstract
BackgroundBovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects various ungulates and causes reproductive failure in infected goats. BVDV has been detected among goats in the Republic of Korea, but the route of transmission remains unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate whether BVDV-1b circulating among Korean cattle can be transmitted to Korean native goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) and characterize the outcomes of BVDV infection in these goats.ResultsFour goats were inoculated intranasally with the Korean noncytopathic (ncp) BVDV-1b strain. Two goats exhibited clinical signs of illness, including coughing and nasal discharge. Nasal swabs and blood were collected to screen for viral RNA and BVDV antibodies. Using the 5′-untranslated region (UTR), viral RNA was detected in the nasal swabs of two goats (Goat 1 and 3) on 12 day post-inoculation (dpi) and in the blood sample of one goat (Goat 1) on 7 and 19 dpi. Using the N-terminal protease (Npro) region, viral RNA was detected in the blood sample of Goat 1 on 7 and 12 dpi. Antibodies to BVDV were detected in Goats 1 and 3 on 16–21 dpi using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Sequence analysis of the virus from nasal swabs and blood samples, which was detected via RT-PCR, using the 5′-UTR and Npro regions led to the identification of the strain as ncp BVDV-1b and revealed changes in the nucleotide sequence of these goats.ConclusionsOur results indicate that changes in the nucleotide sequence are associated with the establishment of BVDV infection in Korean native goats; these changes may be owing to a process required for the establishment of infection in a new host reservoir. Broadly, these findings highlight the importance of BVDV surveillance in ungulates other than cattle.
Highlights
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects various ungulates and causes reproductive failure in infected goats
Our findings revealed that experimental BVDV infection in Korean native goats via IN route showed a normal appearance with only mild respiratory signs such as coughing and nasal discharge and did not cause pyrexia, anorexia, and diarrhea
The present results revealed that the nucleotide sequences of both the 5′- untranslated region (5′-untranslated region (UTR)) and N-terminal protease (Npro) regions observed in Korean native goats after inoculation were substantially different from those observed in cattle isolates (11Q472, JN715035, and GU395535 for 5′-UTR; EF101530 and U03912 for Npro)
Summary
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects various ungulates and causes reproductive failure in infected goats. BVDV has been detected among goats in the Republic of Korea, but the route of transmission remains unclear. BVDV can infect small ruminants, and clinical signs in these animals are similar to those in cattle [11]. Field cases of BVDV in goats are typically characterized by reproductive failure, including abortion and poor viability of neonates [12,13,14]. None of the goats infected with BVDV exhibited clinical signs. Because most goats raised in the Republic of Korea (ROK) share their habitats with cattle, it is possible that BVDV transmission frequency is higher among these animals
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