Experimental Infection of Calves by Two Genetically-Distinct Strains of Rift Valley Fever Virus

William Wilson,D Mcvey,Vinay Shivanna,Bonto Faburay,Wenjun Ma,Juergen Richt,Natasha Gaudreault,Sun Sunwoo,Jessie Trujillo,Aaron Balogh,Barbara Drolet,Igor Morozov,Mark Ruder,A Davis,Abaineh Endalew

doi:10.3390/v8050145

Abstract

Recent outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in ruminant livestock, characterized by mass abortion and high mortality rates in neonates, have raised international interest in improving vaccine control strategies. Previously, we developed a reliable challenge model for sheep that improves the evaluation of existing and novel vaccines in sheep. This sheep model demonstrated differences in the pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) infection between two genetically-distinct wild-type strains of the virus, Saudi Arabia 2001 (SA01) and Kenya 2006 (Ken06). Here, we evaluated the pathogenicity of these two RVFV strains in mixed breed beef calves. There was a transient increase in rectal temperatures with both virus strains, but this clinical sign was less consistent than previously reported with sheep. Three of the five Ken06-infected animals had an early-onset viremia, one day post-infection (dpi), with viremia lasting at least three days. The same number of SA01-infected animals developed viremia at 2 dpi, but it only persisted through 3 dpi in one animal. The average virus titer for the SA01-infected calves was 1.6 logs less than for the Ken06-infected calves. Calves, inoculated with either strain, seroconverted by 5 dpi and showed time-dependent increases in their virus-neutralizing antibody titers. Consistent with the results obtained in the previous sheep study, elevated liver enzyme levels, more severe liver pathology and higher virus titers occurred with the Ken06 strain as compared to the SA01 strain. These results demonstrate the establishment of a virulent challenge model for vaccine evaluation in calves.

Highlights

The mosquito-borne Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic pathogen within the genusPhlebovirus family Bunyaviridae
The RVFV Saudi Arabia 2000–2001 (SA01) [34] and Kenya 2006–2007 (Ken06) isolates [32] were provided by Barry Miller, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, CO, through Richard Bowen, Colorado State University
Rectal temperatures of calves inoculated with Saudi Arabia 2001 (SA01) or Ken06 were monitored from 0–10, 14 and dpi (Table 2)

Summary

Introduction

The mosquito-borne Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a zoonotic pathogen within the genusPhlebovirus family Bunyaviridae. Large outbreaks have predominantly occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa, outbreaks outside of the African continent, in the Arabian Peninsula, have raised concerns about the potential spread of the virus to Europe and the Americas [2,3]. These concerns are warranted given that North America has large, economically-important populations of susceptible animals and indigenous vector populations, experimentally shown to be competent for virus infection and transmission [4,5,6]. Reported human case fatality rates are generally low, higher fatality rates (20%–40%) have been noted [10,11]

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