Experimental FTIR and theoretical studies of gallic acid–acetonitrile clusters

Abstract

Gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, GA) has many possible conformers depending on the orientations of its three OH and COOH groups. The biological activity of polyphenolic compounds has been demonstrated to depend on their conformational characteristics. Therefore, experimental FTIR and theoretical studies of the GA–solvent clusters were performed to investigate the possible most favored conformation of GA. Acetonitrile (ACN) was selected as the solvent since its spectrum did not interfere with the OH stretching bands of GA. Also of importance was that these OH groups, in addition to the carboxyl group, of the GA are the most likely groups to interact with receptors. The solution of GA in the ACN solution was measured and the complex OH bands were deconvoluted to four component bands. These component bands corresponded to the three OH bands on the benzene ring and a broad band which is a combination band of mainly the OH of the COOH group and the inter- and intramolecular H-bonds from the OH groups on the ring. The conformations, relative stabilities and vibrational analysis of the GA monomers and the GA–ACN clusters were investigated using the B3LYP/6-311++G(2d,2p) method. Conformational analysis of the GA monomer yielded four most possible conformers, GA-I, GA-II, GA-III and GA-IV. These conformers were subsequently used for the study of the GA:ACN clusters at the 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 mole ratios. The IR spectra of the most stable structures of these clusters were simulated and the vibrational wavenumbers of the OH and C O groups were compared with those from the experiment. The FTIR component bands were comparable to the computed OH bands of the GA-I–(ACN) 2, GA-IV–(ACN) 2 and GA-I–(ACN) 4 clusters. Furthermore, the C O stretching bands and the bands in the regions of 1800–1000 cm −1 obtained by computing and the experiment were similar for these clusters. Thus, GA-I and GA-IV are the most preferable conformations of GA in ACN and perhaps in the polar environment around the receptor sites of GA.