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Abstract
Distributed power generation systems (DPGSs) integrate power sources that tend to be smaller than the typical utility scale, such as for renewable energy sources and other applications. Storage systems that incorporate supercapacitors (SCs) have been proposed to extend the life of batteries and to increase the power capacity of the DPGSs, guaranteeing maximum efficiency. The extraction of energy in SCs is more demanding than in the case of batteries; when SCs have delivered only 75% of their energy, their voltage has already decreased to 50%. Beyond this value, the banks fail to meet the requirements demanded by loads that require a minimum voltage to operate correctly, leaving 25% of the energy unused, thereby limiting the deep charge/discharge cycles that occur. This paper presents a model of a switching matrix applied in a bank of SCs. The model allows the use of a simpler circuit to achieve a large number of serial/parallel-configuration connections (levels), improving the utilization of energy to obtain deep discharge cycles in each SC; therefore, by increasing the average energy extracted from each SC, it extends the power delivery time in the storage bank. The efficiency was verified by experimental results obtained using a bank of six SCs.
Highlights
Distributed power generation systems (DPGSs) are smaller power sources that can be aggregated to provide the power necessary to meet regular demand on the utility grid
The use of a storage system with a fast dynamic is necessary for many applications; the supercapacitor (SC) is a device that ensures the efficient management between the intermittently generated power and the consumer demand and increases the performance of the DPGSs [3]
The switching matrix improves the extraction of average energy in an SC bank and increases the reliability of the DPGSs; for the interconnection with the DC bus, the incorporation of a unidirectional DC/DC converter that reduces the voltage variations during the SCs’ discharging process could be necessary
Summary
Distributed power generation systems (DPGSs) are smaller power sources that can be aggregated to provide the power necessary to meet regular demand on the utility grid. They can be used to store energy and provide peak power demands in power electronic systems [18] All of this is to optimize the battery lifetime and provide a very high cycle efficiency for various charge and discharge requests, if favorable loading conditions are provided [19]. With the addition of SCs to batteries, many advantages can be realized: (1) improvement of the lifetime; (2) reduction of size and cost; (3) reduction in stress; and (4) improvement in the power balance between the generation and the load demand [20] For this reason, energy extraction techniques for the banks are still in development, and the implementation of capacitor self-reconfiguration in battery management systems has been extensively studied for energy transfer components and voltage equalizer applications [21,22]. With the new simplified model of a basic switching cell for SCBs proposed here, it can feasibly be used in more complex systems such as smart grids [24,25,26] and hybrid power production units [3,27]
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