Abstract
Recently non-proportional deformation has received increased attention from researchers working in the area of experimental and computational modeling of metal deformation. However, most of them are numerical in nature with limited experimental data available, making it further difficult to model non-proportional deformation. In the present work, two-stage uniaxial tests, along with uniaxial cyclic and biaxial tests for different stress ratios, have been performed to evaluate deformation behavior of ultra-low carbon high strength automotive steel. Behaviors like cross-effect and hardening stagnation, which are attributed to the evolution of complex dislocation structures, were observed in this steel. It was also noticed that this steel exhibits tension–compression asymmetry. As for constitutive modeling, a modified asymmetric yield function is proposed to be used with a combined isotropic–kinematic hardening model. Also methods to account for the hardening stagnation during reverse loading and the cross-effect during two-stage deformation are proposed. The resulting constitutive model showed reasonably good agreement with experimental results.
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