Abstract
The scheduled High Luminosity upgrade of the CERN Large Hadron Collider presents new challenges in terms of radiation hardness. As a consequence, campaigns to qualify the radiation hardness of detector sensors and components are undertaken worldwide. The effects of irradiation with beams of different particle species and energy, aiming to assess displacement damage in semiconductor devices, are communicated in terms of the equivalent 1 MeV neutron fluence, using the hardness factor for the conversion. In this work, the hardness factors for protons at three different kinetic energies have been measured by analysing the I–V and C–V characteristics of reverse biased diodes, pre- and post-irradiation. The sensors were irradiated at the MC40 Cyclotron of the University of Birmingham, the cyclotron at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, and the IRRAD proton facility at CERN, with the respective measured proton hardness factors being: 2.1± 0.5 for 24 MeV, 2.2 ± 0.4 for 23 MeV, and 0.62± 0.04 for 23 GeV. The hardness factors currently used in these three facilities are in agreement with the presented measurements.
Highlights
MC40 cyclotronThe MC40 cyclotron at the University of Birmingham is primarily used for the production of medical isotopes
: The scheduled High Luminosity upgrade of the CERN Large Hadron Collider presents new challenges in terms of radiation hardness
The hardness factors for protons at three different kinetic energies have been measured by analysing the In this article the current-voltage (I–V) and C–V characteristics of reverse biased diodes, pre- and post-irradiation
Summary
The MC40 cyclotron at the University of Birmingham is primarily used for the production of medical isotopes. The configuration utilised for high intensity proton irradiations is shown in figure 1. The irradiated sample consists of an aluminium plate with twelve slots for diodes, mounted in pairs, as shown in figure 2. In front of each pair of diodes, 57Ni foils are installed and their activity after irradiation is used to estimate the delivered proton fluence. Inside the temperature controlled chamber, the sample and the foils, are placed behind a 350 μm thick sheet of aluminium to block possible low energy components of the beam. The energy of the proton beam when they reach the sample, is estimated using a Geant4-based [11, 12] simulation, as shown in figure 3
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