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Abstract
The present study investigated phase equilibria in the Na2O-SiO2-WO3 system experimentally using high-temperature equilibration, quenching, and electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA). New thermodynamic information on the Na2O-SiO2-WO3 system was derived based on the newly obtained experimental results and data from the literature. The primary phase fields of sodium metasilicate, sodium disilicate, and tridymite were determined along with the isotherms at 1073, 1173, and 1273 K. The solubilities of WO3 in SiO2, Na2Si2O5, and Na2SiO3, and the solubility of SiO2 in Na2WO4 were accurately measured using EPMA. Comparisons between the existing and newly constructed phase diagram were carried out and the differences are discussed. The phase equilibrium data will be beneficial to the future development of sustainable tungsten industries and thermodynamic modelling in WO3 related systems.
Highlights
Equilibria in the Na2 O-SiO2 -WO3Tungsten, a metal, is identified as one of the strategic and critical minerals by numerous countries, including The United States, Europe, Russia, Britain, and Australia due to its significant economic importance and supply instability [1,2,3,4]
Phase diagram is an essential tool to predict the crystallization path and control crystallization behaviour, which has a pivotal role in the understanding of the crystallization process [12,13,14,15]
The determined phase equilibrium data will be beneficial to the future development of sustainable tungsten industries and for scientific interests, especially for thermodynamic modelling studies where limited thermodynamic data have been reported on WO3 -containing systems
Summary
A metal, is identified as one of the strategic and critical minerals by numerous countries, including The United States, Europe, Russia, Britain, and Australia due to its significant economic importance and supply instability [1,2,3,4]. The technique used has been proven to be efficient in acquiring high temperature equilibrium information for metallurgical slags [20] It can resolve some uncertainties resulting from dynamic and static methods for studying molten oxides that contain volatile materials, such as sodium and silica [21]. By applying this methodology, the change of initial bulk composition caused by the evaporation of the sodium oxide during high temperature equilibration will not affect the final liquid and solid compositions. The determined phase equilibrium data will be beneficial to the future development of sustainable tungsten industries and for scientific interests, especially for thermodynamic modelling studies where limited thermodynamic data have been reported on WO3 -containing systems
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