Abstract
In this study, the development and comparative characterization of different composite sorbents for thermal energy storage applications is reported. Two different applications were targeted, namely, low-temperature space heating (SH) and domestic hot water (DHW) provision. From a literature analysis, the most promising hygroscopic salts were selected for these conditions, being LiCl for SH and LiBr for DHW. Furthermore, two mesoporous silica gel matrixes and a macroporous vermiculite were acquired to prepare the composites. A complete characterization was performed by investigating the porous structure of the composites before and after impregnation, through N2 physisorption, as well as checking the phase composition of the composites at different temperatures through X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. Furthermore, sorption equilibrium curves were measured in water vapor atmosphere to evaluate the adsorption capacity of the samples and a detailed calorimetric analysis was carried out to evaluate the reaction evolution under real operating conditions as well as the sorption heat of each sample. The results demonstrated a slower reaction kinetic in the vermiculite-based composites, due to the larger size of salt grains embedded in the pores, while promising volumetric storage densities of 0.7 GJ/m3 and 0.4 GJ/m3 in silica gel-based composites were achieved for SH and DHW applications, respectively.
Highlights
The development of innovative and efficient energy storage technologies, able to support a wide penetration of renewables at different scales, is an urgent matter [1,2]
The results demonstrated a slower reaction kinetic in the vermiculite-based composites, due to the larger size of salt grains embedded in the pores, while promising volumetric storage densities of 0.7 GJ/m3 and 0.4 GJ/m3 in silica gel-based composites were achieved for space heating (SH) and domestic hot water (DHW) applications, respectively
The obtained composite material is characterized by a higher sorption capacity if compared to pure adsorbent materials commonly proposed for sorption TES (STES) application, which means higher achievable storage capacities [32]
Summary
The development of innovative and efficient energy storage technologies, able to support a wide penetration of renewables at different scales, is an urgent matter [1,2]. From other matrixes, vermiculite is usually macro-porous, having higher pore volume and wider pore size, causing a bigger crystal size of the embedded salt This reflects on the higher sorption TES density achievable, which, as reported in [32], can be as high as 2.3 kJ/gads for seasonal operating conditions. The comparative analysis starts from the structural and morphological characterization of the synthesized samples to end up with equilibrium and sorption storage capacity analysis under realistic operating conditions, to identify the most promising solutions for a large-scale sorption TES, able to supply both SH and DHW, increasing the share of renewables for heating purposes in domestic applications
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