Experimental and numerical investigation on the transient vascular thermal response to multi-pulse Nd:YAG laser.

Abstract

Port wine stains (PWS) are congenital vascular malformations that progressively darken and thicken with age. Laser therapy is currently the most effective way in clinical practice for PWS. A 1,064 nm Nd:YAG laser in the near-infrared band can achieve a deeper treatment depth compared to the current widely adopted pulsed dye laser. However, because of its relatively weak absorption by blood, single-pulse Nd:YAG laser requires high energy density to cause effective vessel damage, but may inflict undesirable burning to surrounding collagen. Multi-pulse laser has great potential in clinical treatment because it needs less energy density for each pulse. This paper presented an experimental and theoretical study of the transient thermal effects of low-energy multi-pulse Nd:YAG laser on blood vessels. In vivo experiments were performed on dorsal skin chamber. By using a high speed camera (up to 2,000 fps), the complete and dynamic thermal response of blood vessels during laser irradiation and between pulse intervals was obtained. In vitro experiment in capillary tubes and Numerical simulations by two-scale heat transfer model were also conducted to further explore the in vivo experimental findings. The complete and dynamic response of blood vessels were obtained, including vessel dilation, thrombus formation, partial vessel constriction, thread-like constriction, cavitation and bubbles, and hemorrhage. Thread-like constriction is the desirable treatment end point, which will only occur after thrombus completely occludes the vessel lumen. Cavitation can cause hemorrhage when thrombus fails to occlude the vessel lumen. In vitro experiment found that vessel constriction was due to the constriction of thrombus induced by laser irradiation. Theoretical investigation revealed that the mechanism for the effective reduction of energy density by multi-pulse Nd:YAG laser was due to enhanced light absorption of the blood with thrombus formation. For multi-pulse treatment, laser parameters are recommended as repetition rate of 10 Hz and pulse number of 10. The incident energy in each pulse should be strong enough to induce blood coagulation through seven or eight pulses and should be lower than the threshold of blood cavitation. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:852-865, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.