Experimental and Modelling Study of the Effect of Adding Starch-Modified Natural Rubber Hybrid to the Vulcanization of Sorghum Fibers-Filled Natural Rubber.

Mochamad Chalid,Yuli Amalia Husnil,Santi Puspitasari,Adi Cifriadi

doi:10.3390/polym12123017

Mochamad Chalid, Yuli Amalia Husnil + Show 2 more

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https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12123017

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Journal: Polymers	Publication Date: Dec 17, 2020
Citations: 12	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: University of Indonesia, Institut Teknologi Indonesia

Abstract

Natural rubber-starch copolymer hybrid obtained from our laboratory was used as an additive for rubber compound. In this work, the effect of adding this hybrid material to vulcanization kinetics of sorghum fibers-filled natural rubber was studied. The rubber compounds were added with hybrid material at various loadings, i.e., zero to two phr and thus cured at three different temperatures, i.e., 130, 140, and 150 °C. The molecular behaviors due to the hybrid addition were investigated by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The rheological phenomena of the rubber compounds were studied by performing torque analysis in moving die rheometer. The obtained data were utilized to develop the thermodynamic modeling. The compatibility of sorghum fibers-natural rubber blends in the presence of starch-modified natural rubber were characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM). FTIR results show noticeable changes in the peak intensity of particular functional groups from rubber and natural fiber as evidence of molecular interaction enhancements between rubber and natural fibers caused by incorporating the starch-modified natural rubber coupling agent to rubber-natural fiber blends. The curing time for these blends was reduced with lower required activation energy. SEM images show no visible gaps in morphology between natural rubber and the filler indicating that the addition of hybrid material to the blends also improves the compatibility between the fibers and the rubber matrix.

Highlights

Natural rubbers (NR) are important materials due to having suitable properties for many applications such as high-performance tires, automotive parts, and adhesives, to name a few.Considering its shortcomings, such as low aging resistance, thermal instability, and poor mechanical properties, NR products have been developed through some approaches, for instance, by forming composites with other materials [1]
‘Coupling Agent’ and ‘Crosslinked NR Composites’ in the figure refer to NR-g-St graft copolymer and NR/Natural fiber (NF)/NR-g-St composite, respectively
Spectra of NR and NR-g-St showed a peak at 1663 cm−1, which is a typical peak for carbon double bond found in cis-1,4 polyisoprene of natural rubber

Summary

Introduction

Natural rubbers (NR) are important materials due to having suitable properties for many applications such as high-performance tires, automotive parts, and adhesives, to name a few. Considering its shortcomings, such as low aging resistance, thermal instability, and poor mechanical properties, NR products have been developed through some approaches, for instance, by forming composites with other materials [1]. Clay, carbon nanotube, and graphene are some of the synthetic materials that have been utilized as reinforcing agents for NR and were reported to be able to improve the mechanical properties of the rubber [2].

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