Abstract
The way in which electromagnetic fields are transmitted and received by ground penetrating radar (GPR) antennas is crucial to the performance of GPR systems. Simple antennas have been characterized by analyzing their radiation patterns and directivity. However, there have been limited studies that combine real GPR antennas with realistic environments, which is essential to capture the complex interactions between the antenna and surroundings. We have investigated the radiation characteristics and sensitivity of a GPR antenna in a range of lossy dielectric environments using both physical measurements and a three-dimensional (3-D) finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model. Experimental data were from measured responses of a target positioned at intervals on the circumference of a circle surrounding the H-plane of the antenna. A series of oil-in-water emulsions as well as tap water were used to simulate homogeneous materials with different permittivities and with complex conductivities. Numerical radiation patterns were created utilizing a detailed 3-D FDTD model of the antenna. Good correlation was shown between the experimental results and modeled data with respect to the strength of the main lobe within the critical angle window. However, there are discrepancies in the strength of main lobe at shallow angles. In all the dielectrics, the main lobes are generally broad due to the near-field observation distance but, as expected, become narrower with increasing permittivity. These results provide confidence for further use of the FDTD antenna model to investigate scenarios such as larger observation distances and heterogeneous environments that are difficult to study experimentally.
Highlights
G ROUND penetrating radar (GPR) is used in a wide range of different applications in the fields of engineering and geophysics
The state of numerically derived GPR antenna radiation patterns is similar to that of measured data, i.e., simple and more complex antennas have been modeled in free-space, simple antennas have been modeled in realistic environments, but there have been very limited studies that combine real GPR antenna models with realistic environments
This paper presents an investigation of the radiation characteristics and sensitivity of a commercially available highfrequency GPR antenna, using experimental and modeled data
Summary
G ROUND penetrating radar (GPR) is used in a wide range of different applications in the fields of engineering and geophysics. Studies of antenna radiation characteristics can, largely, be divided into three areas: theoretical analysis, experimental/measured data, and numerical modeling. Measuring antenna radiation patterns in realistic materials, which is useful for GPR, presents many practical difficulties. This has prompted numerical simulations of GPR antenna radiation patterns. A comparison of theoretical, measured, and modeled radiation patterns of infinitesimal dipoles located over lossless and low-loss half-spaces is provided by [9]. The state of numerically derived GPR antenna radiation patterns is similar to that of measured data, i.e., simple and more complex antennas have been modeled in free-space, simple antennas have been modeled in realistic environments, but there have been very limited studies that combine real GPR antenna models with realistic environments. The paper focuses on comparing the measured and modeled patterns, and using them to analyze the radiation characteristics of the antenna
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