Abstract
AbstractThis paper reports K0 of dry sand in response to different loading conditions and under secondary compression. The experiments were carried out using an oedometer and tactile pressure sensors were used to measure the horizontal stress for K0 calculations. During loading, K0 remains a constant as the vertical stress σv′ increases. The corresponding discrete element method (DEM) simulations reproduced this experimental finding and suggest that the force transmission pattern is similar and the contact forces among particles are proportionally increased in both the horizontal and vertical directions to give a constant K0 as σv′ increases. K0 increases as the overconsolidation ratio (OCR) increases during unloading because of the locked-in horizontal stress. Reloading makes the sample less sensitive to OCR and thus the sample behaves as if it were in a normally consolidated state where K0 is a constant. Experimental results and DEM simulations demonstrate that the horizontal stress σh′ and K0 continue ...
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