Abstract
Background: Under physiological conditions, endothelial cells are the main regulator of arterial tone homeostasis and vascular growth, sensing and transducing signals between tissue and blood. Disease risk factors can lead to their unbalanced homeostasis, known as endothelial dysfunction. Red and near-infrared light can interact with animal cells and modulate their metabolism upon interaction with mitochondria’s cytochromes, which leads to increased oxygen consumption, ATP production and ROS, as well as to regulate NO release and intracellular Ca2+ concentration. This medical subject is known as photobiomodulation (PBM). We present a review of the literature on the in vitro and in vivo effects of PBM on endothelial dysfunction. Methods: A search strategy was developed consistent with the PRISMA statement. The PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Scholar electronic databases were consulted to search for in vitro and in vivo studies. Results: Fifty out of >12,000 articles were selected. Conclusions: The PBM can modulate endothelial dysfunction, improving inflammation, angiogenesis, and vasodilatation. Among the studies, 808 nm and 18 J (0.2 W, 2.05 cm2) intracoronary irradiation can prevent restenosis as well as 645 nm and 20 J (0.25 W, 2 cm2) can stimulate angiogenesis. PBM can also support hypertension cure. However, more extensive randomised controlled trials are necessary.
Highlights
The inclusion criteria included the following: (1) studies published in English in journals with a peer-review process before publication; (2) works published before 1 September 2020; (3) studies that complied with the topic of the review; (4) a clear description of the type of light emitting diode (LED) or laser device and treatment parameters employed; (5) therapies were immediately traceable to PBM; (6) type of articles such as original research, case reports, and short communications; and (7) articles drafted according to “parameter reproducibility in photobiomodulation” by Tunér and Jenkins [28]
The exclusion criteria included the following: (1) in vitro studies on stem cell or cell line not referring to endothelium; (2) LED or laser therapies not adhering to the principles of PBM; (3) studies not focused on the topic of the review; and (4) types of articles such as reviews, abstracts to congress, and patents
Fifty out of >12,000 articles selected by PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Scholar, as well as from article references were judged to be eligible for the review
Summary
It is a metabolically and mechanically dynamic organ, separating the vessel wall from the blood- and its components [4]. Disease risk factors can lead to their unbalanced homeostasis, known as endothelial dysfunction. Red and near-infrared light can interact with animal cells and modulate their metabolism upon interaction with mitochondria’s cytochromes, which leads to increased oxygen consumption, ATP production and ROS, as well as to regulate NO release and intracellular Ca2+ concentration. This medical subject is known as photobiomodulation (PBM). 808 nm and 18 J (0.2 W, 2.05 cm2 ) intracoronary irradiation can prevent restenosis as well as 645 nm and 20 J
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