Experimental and calculation results of the integral reflood test QUENCH-14 with M5® cladding tubes

Abstract

The QUENCH-14 experiment investigated the effect of M5® cladding material on bundle oxidation and core reflood, in comparison with tests QUENCH-06 (ISP-45) that used standard Zircaloy-4 and QUENCH-12 that used VVER E110-claddings. The PWR bundle configuration of QUENCH-14 with a single unheated rod, 20 heated rods, and four corner rods was otherwise identical to QUENCH-06. The test was conducted in principle with the same protocol as QUENCH-06, so that the effects of the change of cladding material could be observed more easily. Pre-test calculations were performed by the Paul Scherrer Institut (Switzerland) using the SCDAPSIM, SCDAP/RELAP5 and MELCOR codes. Follow-on post-test analyses were performed using SCDAP/RELAP5 and MELCOR as part of an ongoing programme of model validation and code assessment. Alternative oxidation correlations were used to examine the possible influence of the M5® cladding material on hydrogen generation, in comparison with Zircaloy-4. The experiment started with a pre-oxidation phase in steam, lasting ∼3000 s at ∼1500 K peak bundle temperature. After a further temperature increase to maximum bundle temperature of 2073 K the bundle was flooded with 2 g/s/rod water from the bottom. The peak temperature of ∼2300 K was measured on the bundle shroud, shortly after quench initiation. The electrical power was reduced to average value of 2 W/cm during the reflood phase to simulate effective decay heat level. Complete bundle cooling was reached in 300 s after reflood initiation. The development of the oxide layer growth during the test was essentially defined by measurements performed on the three Zircaloy-4 corner rods withdrawn successively from the bundle. The withdrawal of Zircaloy-4 and E110 corner rods after the test allowed a comparison of the different alloys in one test. One heated rod with M5 cladding was withdrawn after the test for a detailed analysis of oxidation degree and measurement of absorbed hydrogen. Post-test examinations showed neither breakaway cladding oxidation nor noticeable melt relocation between rods. Different from the QUENCH-14 (M5®) findings, the QUENCH-12 test with the E110 claddings performed under similar conditions had resulted in intensive breakaway effect at cladding and shroud surfaces during the pre-oxidation phase and local melt relocation on reflood initiation. The hydrogen production in QUENCH-14 up to reflood was similar to QUENCH-06 and QUENCH-12 bundle tests. During reflood 6 g hydrogen were released which is similar to QUENCH-06 (4 g) but much less than during quench phase of QUENCH-12 (24 g). The reason for the different behaviour of the Zr1%Nb cladding alloys is the different oxide scale properties of the materials.