Abstract
Electrification of powertrain systems offers numerous advantages in the global trend in vehicular applications. A wide range of energy sources and zero-emission propulsion in the tank to wheel significantly add to electric vehicles’ (EV) attractiveness. This paper presents analyses of the energy balance between micro-photovoltaic (PV) installation and small electric vehicle in real conditions. It is based on monitoring PV panel’s energy production and car electricity consumption. The methodology included energy data from real household PV installation (the most common renewable energy source in Poland), electric vehicle energy consumption during real driving conditions, and drivetrain operating parameters, all collected over a period of one year by indirect measuring. A correlation between energy produced by the micro-PV installation and small electric car energy consumption was described. In the Winter, small electric car energy consumption amounted to 14.9 kWh per 100 km and was 14% greater than summer, based on test requirements of real driving conditions. The 4.48 kW PV installation located in Poznań produced 4101 kWh energy in 258 days. The calculation indicated 1406 kWh energy was available for EV charging after household electricity consumption subtraction. The zero-emission daily distance analysis was done by the simplified method.
Highlights
The introduction of environmentally friendly and highly efficient energy conversion systems represents one of the biggest challenges in the development of vehicle drivetrain systems [1]
The main parameters that were recorded during the measurements in the actual traffic conditions of the vehicle were those describing the operation of the electric motor and the parameters concerning the accumulation of energy in the battery (state of charge (SOC), and power)
During the real driving emission (RDE) test, the lowest accumulated energy demand was achieved for the electric vehicle, approximately 30% lower than the combustion engine and 10% lower than a plug-in hybrid powertrain
Summary
The introduction of environmentally friendly and highly efficient energy conversion systems represents one of the biggest challenges in the development of vehicle drivetrain systems [1]. The CO2 emission is tightly bound with fuel consumption and related directly to engine efficiency in tank to wheel (TTW) calculations. A wide variety of powertrains systems, including internal combustion engines (ICE) and electric vehicles (EV), dedicated to vehicles demand tank to wheel analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA). It provides detailed information about the environment’s energetic impacts [9]
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