Abstract
Emission of CO<sub>2</sub> becomes one of the global challenges and catalyzed lignocellulosic biomass thermoelectric concrete (CBC) is a new source of energy which helps to encounter this challenge. CBC is an advance class of concrete, which has proven to be able to generate voltages throughout thermal change, but several drawbacks were reported such as low voltage and insufficient compressive strength to meet construction industry needs. This study intends to investigate the incorporation of active solution like alkali/acidic solution as activation booster, palm oil fuel ash (POFA) as partial cement replacement and catalyst for charges extraction, under thermal changes. Active solutions used in this study were Sodium Hydroxide, Iron(III) Sulfate, and Copper(II) Sulfate. Specimens with dimension of 50 x 50 x 20mm and 150x150x150mm were prepared and cured accordingly; then tested its conductivity with temperature ranged from 0℃ to 100℃; and uniaxial compressive strength test, respectively. The experiment has proven that incorporation of active solution in CBC mix is able to enhance both voltage supply and compressive strength by average 249.73% and 41.64% (with active solution Fe<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>), respectively. With a complete circuit, it can be noticed that specimen's voltage density is directly proportional to exposed temperature, from 38.35 V/m<sup>2</sup> at 0℃ to 129.67 V/m<sup>2</sup> at 100℃. The study has proven that CBC with addition of active solution is able to enhance the matured compressive strength and at the same time, carrying voltage when a complete circuit is applied. With this, the application of CBC in construction industry has been increased to structural application for alternative renewable energy source.
Highlights
Rapid growth in economic and living standards has leaded to massive consumption of fossil fuels in order to render for the huge energy demand
Lignocellulosic biomass is a natural alternative renewable resource that can be obtained in large quantities around the world
External circuit can be installed on catalyzed lignocellulosic biomass thermoelectric concrete (CBC) specimens (50mm x 50mm x 20mm) after heat curing at 90oC for 24 hours if compressive strength is not priority, else prolonged curing is necessary for further hydration and pozzolanic process
Summary
Rapid growth in economic and living standards has leaded to massive consumption of fossil fuels in order to render for the huge energy demand. Researches on electrified lignocellulosic biomass [8]– [10], [12]–[16], [28], [29] have been conducted and a low temperature, clean, portable, carbon neutral, alternative electricity production that is suitable for a variety of applications is invented It is classified into indirect biomass fuel cells and direct biomass fuel cells, and able to generate electricity with power density of 0.72 milliwatts per square centimeter, and is near to the results of the best microbial fuel cells. Researches [30]–[33] have been carried out at INTI International University to investigate the feasibility of incorporate variety of lignocellulosic biomasses and active catalysts in concrete to generate electricity and at the same time, retain the good properties of concrete. An average voltage density of 120 V/m2 is recorded Such incorporation of lignocellulosic biomass and activated catalyst in concrete has proven able to generate electricity, resulting in more environmental benefits which may bring the construction industry one step ahead others. Based on the experimental rig, the best mix proportion with the best power density enhancement ratio is proposed and discussed in detail
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