Experiencing the Pull and Push: Influences on Independent Contractor Motivation and Job Satisfaction

Abstract

The number of individuals engaging in non-standard employment is increasing. Drawing on self-determination theory (SDT), this study examines the motivation and job satisfaction of independent contractors, a prominent alternative work arrangement subgroup. Specifically, we examine how the rationale for workers entering contracting work arrangements affects in-role contractor motivation and job satisfaction. Based on a sample of N = 241 adjunct instructors from two universities, we find that the positive relationship between those entering contracting because they perceived the work would offer autonomy, flexibility and the ability to pursue personally interesting work (pull factors) and their resultant job satisfaction is fully mediated by the level of autonomous motivation actually experienced in their work. The degree to which individuals entering contract work because of an inability to secure a desired work role or pursue their preferred career path (push factors) was inversely related to job satisfaction, which was not mediated by autonomous nor controlled motivation. Finally, the level of perceived supervisor and organizational support that contractors experienced did not moderate the relationship between either push or pull factors and autonomous motivation. This study demonstrates the importance of recruiting and selecting contractors that value the benefits of contract work (e.g., autonomy, flexibility). It also highlights the need for future research to understand the role of leadership in autonomous, alternative work arrangements.