Abstract

La insuficiencia del ventrículo derecho en el perioperatorio de los pacientes sometidos a cirugía cardiaca suele tener relación con hipertensión pulmonar y es un factor de riesgo independiente de muerte en esta cirugía. Tras la circulación extracorpórea, aumentan las resistencias vasculares pulmonares, que condicionan un aumento de la poscarga del ventrículo derecho y su insuficiencia. Para su tratamiento, se necesitan fármacos que disminuyan la hipertensión pulmonar sin disminuir la presión arterial sistémica ni la presión de perfusión coronaria. El óxido nítrico inhalado produce vasodilatación pulmonar selectiva, y sería el fármaco ideal en esta situación clínica. En este artículo se hace una revisión del óxido nítrico inhalado y se expone la experiencia actual en el tratamiento de situaciones clínicas con alto riesgo de insuficiencia ventricular derecha, como la cirugía cardiaca con circulación extracorpórea, la tromboendarterectomía pulmonar, el trasplante cardiaco y pulmonar, y la implantación de asistencia circulatoria ventricular izquierda. Perioperative right ventricular failure in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is usually associated with pulmonary hypertension and is an independent risk factor for death with this type of surgery. Following cardiopulmonary bypass, pulmonary vascular resistance increases, which leads to greater right ventricular afterload and the risk of right ventricular failure. Treatment must involve a drug that can reduce pulmonary hypertension without decreasing either systemic arterial pressure or coronary artery perfusion pressure. Inhaled nitric oxide is a selective pulmonary vasodilator that could be ideal in this clinical context. The aims of this article were to review the use of inhaled nitric oxide and to report recent experience with the substance in the treatment of clinical conditions that involve a high risk of right ventricular failure, such as cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, heart and lung transplantation, and implantation of left ventricular assist devices.

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