Abstract
BackgroundMobile phones have been actively used in various ways for diabetes self-care. Mobile phone apps can manage lifestyle factors such as diet, exercise, and medication without time or place restrictions. A systematic review has found these apps to be effective in reducing blood glucose. However, the existing apps were developed and evaluated without a theoretical framework to explain the process of changes in diabetes self-care behaviors.ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the diabetes self-care app that we developed by measuring differences in diabetes self-care factors between before and after using the app with the Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills model of Diabetes Self-Care (IMB-DSC).MethodsWe conducted a single-group pre- and postintervention study with a convenience sample of diabetes patients. A total of 38 adult patients with diabetes who had an Android smartphone were recruited. After conducting a preliminary survey of those who agreed to participate in the study, we provided them with a manual and a tutorial video about the diabetes self-care app. The app has functions for education, recommendations, writing a diary, recording, goal setting, sharing, communication, feedback, and interfacing with a glucometer, and it was applied for 4 weeks. We measured the general characteristics of participants, their history of diabetes self-care app usage, IMB-DSC factors, and blood glucose levels. The IMB-DSC factors of information, personal motivation, social motivation, behavioral skills, and behaviors were measured using an assessment tool consisting of 87 items extracted from the Diabetes Knowledge Test, third version of the Diabetes Attitude Scale, Diabetes Family Behavior Checklist, and Diabetes Self-Management Assessment Report Tool.ResultsThe mean age of the participants was 43.87 years. A total 30 participants out of 38 (79%) had type 2 diabetes and 8 participants (21%) had type 1 diabetes. The most frequently used app function was recording, which was used by 34 participants out of 38 (89%). Diabetes self-care behaviors (P=.02) and diabetes self-care social motivation (P=.05) differed significantly between pre- and postintervention, but there was no significant difference in diabetes self-care information (P=.85), diabetes self-care personal motivation (P=.57), or diabetes self-care behavioral skills (P=.89) between before and after using the diabetes self-care app.ConclusionsDiabetes self-care social motivation was significantly improved with our diabetes self-care app by sharing experiences and sympathizing with other diabetes patients. Diabetes self-care behavior was also significantly improved with the diabetes self-care app by providing an interface with a glucometer that removes the effort of manual input. Diabetes self-care information, diabetes self-care personal motivation, and diabetes self-care behavioral skills were not significantly improved. However, they will be improved with additional offline interventions such as reflective listening and simulation.
Highlights
The estimated percentages and the total number of people over the age of 30 with type 2 diabetes were determined using the information from the National Health Information Database from January 2002 through to December 2013 made by National Health Insurance Service (NHIS)
› D iagnosis of diabetes was based on the disease-classification codes from the health insurance claim forms and database on Health Screening Service
› W hen the database on Health Screening Service was used, diabetes was diagnosed based on fasting glucose (≥ 126 mg/dL)
Summary
The estimated percentages and the total number of people over the age of 30 with type 2 diabetes were determined using the information from the National Health Information Database from January 2002 through to December 2013 made by National Health Insurance Service (NHIS). › D iagnosis of diabetes was based on the disease-classification codes from the health insurance claim forms and database on Health Screening Service. › W hen the database on health insurance claim forms was used, type 2 diabetes was defined based on ICD-10 code (E11-E14) and prescription of antidiabetic medications. › 62.5% of subjects with type 2 diabetes had hypertension and were being treated with antihypertensive medication, which was 3.7-fold higher compared with adults without diabetes in 2013. › 49.5% of subjects with type 2 diabetes had dyslipidemia and were being treated with lipidlowering medication, which was 5-fold higher than non-diabetic adults in 2013. Prevalence = [(Patients who had type 2 diabetes based on ICD-10 code and were being treated with anti-diabetic medications)/(total subjects visiting hospitals or clinics or having health security service in each year)] X 100 (%)
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