Abstract
BackgroundGastrointestinal hormones regulate intestinal transit, control digestion, influence appetite and promote satiety. Altered production or action of gut hormones, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and peptide YY (PYY), may contribute to the biological basis of obesity and altered glucose homeostasis. However, challenges in analytical methodology and lack of clarity on expected values for healthy individuals have limited progress in this field. The aim of this study was to describe expected concentrations of gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones in healthy volunteers following a standardized meal test (SMT) or 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).MethodsA total of 28 healthy volunteers (12 men, 16 women; mean age 31.3 years; mean body mass index 24.9 kg/m2) were recruited to attend a hospital clinic on two occasions. Volunteers had blood sampling in the fasting state and were given, in randomized order, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and standardized mixed liquid meal test with venepuncture at timed intervals for 4 h after ingestion. Analytical methods for gut and pancreatic hormones were assessed and optimized. Concentrations of gut and pancreatic hormones were measured and used to compile ranges of expected values.ResultsRanges of expected values were created for glucose, insulin, glucagon, GLP-1, GIP, PYY and free fatty acids in response to a standardized mixed liquid meal or OGTT. Intact proinsulin and C-peptide levels were also measured following the OGTT.ConclusionsThese ranges of expected values can now be used to compare gut hormone concentrations between healthy individuals and patient groups.
Highlights
IntroductionThe rising prevalence of nutritional disorders has led to increased scientific interest in the mechanisms which regulate nutrient disposal, appetite and satiety
The rising prevalence of nutritional disorders has led to increased scientific interest in the mechanisms which regulate nutrient disposal, appetite and satiety. Hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY), which are released from the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutrient ingestion, may mediate satiety and reduce appetite.[1,2]
Bariatric surgery, which provides an effective method of long-term weight control, is associated with increased postprandial concentrations of GLP-1, PYY and improved glucose tolerance.[5,6]
Summary
The rising prevalence of nutritional disorders has led to increased scientific interest in the mechanisms which regulate nutrient disposal, appetite and satiety Hormones such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY), which are released from the gastrointestinal tract in response to nutrient ingestion, may mediate satiety and reduce appetite.[1,2] GLP-1- and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) function as incretins, promoting the release of insulin from the pancreas in response to a meal.[3] The complex relationships between gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones are thought to regulate energy balance and may be affected by diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).[4] Bariatric surgery, which provides an effective method of long-term weight control, is associated with increased postprandial concentrations of GLP-1, PYY and improved glucose tolerance.[5,6] the expected circulating concentrations of many gastrointestinal and pancreatic hormones in healthy individuals have yet to be established, yet are essential for the interpretation of altered levels seen in metabolic and gastrointestinal conditions. Conclusions: These ranges of expected values can be used to compare gut hormone concentrations between healthy individuals and patient groups
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