Abstract
Abstract. Landau theory employs free energy to depict the work potential of molecules and utilizes order parameters to signify the degree of molecular organization. By applying a Taylor expansion of the free energy with respect to the order parameter in the vicinity of a phase transition, the theory elucidates how molecular arrangements can influence the system's energy. The universality of Landau theory stems from the order parameter within the framework of free energy expansion. The application of critical exponents exemplifies the universality of Landau theory, showcasing the properties of materials that share the same dimensionality and similar correlation lengths. This article aims to derive formulas and discuss practical applications of Landau theory, such as analyzing the heat capacity and magnetic susceptibility of materials across a range of temperatures.
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