Abstract
BackgroundIncreased reports of Neisseria meningitidis urethritis in multiple U.S. cities during 2015 have been attributed to the emergence of a novel clade of nongroupable N. meningitidis within the ST-11 clonal complex, the “U.S. NmNG urethritis clade”. Genetic recombination with N. gonorrhoeae has been proposed to enable efficient sexual transmission by this clade. To understand the evolutionary origin and diversification of the U.S. NmNG urethritis clade, whole-genome phylogenetic analysis was performed to identify its members among the N. meningitidis strain collection from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including 209 urogenital and rectal N. meningitidis isolates submitted by U.S. public health departments in eleven states starting in 2015.ResultsThe earliest representatives of the U.S. NmNG urethritis clade were identified from cases of invasive disease that occurred in 2013. Among 209 urogenital and rectal isolates submitted from January 2015 to September 2016, the clade accounted for 189/198 male urogenital isolates, 3/4 female urogenital isolates, and 1/7 rectal isolates. In total, members of the clade were isolated in thirteen states between 2013 and 2016, which evolved from a common ancestor that likely existed during 2011. The ancestor contained N. gonorrhoeae-like alleles in three regions of its genome, two of which may facilitate nitrite-dependent anaerobic growth during colonization of urogenital sites. Additional gonococcal-like alleles were acquired as the clade diversified. Notably, one isolate contained a sequence associated with azithromycin resistance in N. gonorrhoeae, but no other gonococcal antimicrobial resistance determinants were detected.ConclusionsInterspecies genetic recombination contributed to the early evolution and subsequent diversification of the U.S. NmNG urethritis clade. Ongoing acquisition of N. gonorrhoeae alleles by the U.S. NmNG urethritis clade may facilitate the expansion of its ecological niche while also increasing the frequency with which it causes urethritis.
Highlights
Increased reports of Neisseria meningitidis urethritis in multiple U.S cities during 2015 have been attributed to the emergence of a novel clade of nongroupable N. meningitidis within the ST-11 clonal complex, the “U.S NmNG urethritis clade”
The U.S NmNG urethritis clade includes invasive disease isolates Twelve isolates in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) N. meningitidis strain collection were identified as belonging to the U.S NmNG urethritis clade, not including isolates that were submitted in response to the previously described clusters of N. meningitidis urethritis
Three isolates were collected from the mouth and throat, where one originated from an oral swab provided by a sexual partner of a urethritis patient previously known to be infected by an isolate from the U.S NmNG urethritis clade
Summary
Increased reports of Neisseria meningitidis urethritis in multiple U.S cities during 2015 have been attributed to the emergence of a novel clade of nongroupable N. meningitidis within the ST-11 clonal complex, the “U.S NmNG urethritis clade”. In Columbus, N. meningitidis was isolated from 75 urethritis cases between January and November of 2015, equal to a quarter of the N. gonorrhoeae isolated during that period [12] These N. meningitidis isolates formed a novel, urethritisassociated clade [12], which includes recently described urethritis isolates from Georgia and Indiana [8, 13]. This clade is part of the hypervirulent lineage 11 of N. meningitidis, corresponding to the ST-11 clonal complex (CC11) [14]. The capsule is notably absent from urogenital pathogen N. gonorrhoeae, which is the most closely related species to N. meningitidis and a common cause of urethritis [20]
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