Expanding the clinical phenotype of the 3q29 microdeletion syndrome and characterization of the reciprocal microduplication

Blake C Ballif,Raymond Tervo,Gordon C Gowans,Suneeta Madan-Khetarpal,Bassem A Bejjani,Luis F Escobar,Elaine H Zackai,Justine Coppinger,Aaron Theisen,Christopher A Friedrich,Joseph H Hersh,Karen R Schmidt,Jeffrey E Ming,Lisa G Shaffer,Marie Mcdonald,Lindsey Campbell

doi:10.1186/1755-8166-1-8

Abstract

BackgroundInterstitial deletions of 3q29 have been recently described as a microdeletion syndrome mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination between low-copy repeats resulting in an ~1.6 Mb common-sized deletion. Given the molecular mechanism causing the deletion, the reciprocal duplication is anticipated to occur with equal frequency, although only one family with this duplication has been reported.ResultsIn this study we describe 14 individuals with microdeletions of 3q29, including one family with a mildly affected mother and two affected children, identified among 14,698 individuals with idiopathic mental retardation who were analyzed by array CGH. Eleven individuals had typical 1.6-Mb deletions. Three individuals had deletions that flank, span, or partially overlap the commonly deleted region. Although the clinical presentations of individuals with typical-sized deletions varied, several features were present in multiple individuals, including mental retardation and microcephaly. We also identified 19 individuals with duplications of 3q29, five of which appear to be the reciprocal duplication product of the 3q29 microdeletion and 14 of which flank, span, or partially overlap the common deletion region. The clinical features of individuals with microduplications of 3q29 also varied with few common features. De novo and inherited abnormalities were found in both the microdeletion and microduplication cohorts illustrating the need for parental samples to fully characterize these abnormalities.ConclusionOur report demonstrates that array CGH is especially suited to identify chromosome abnormalities with unclear or variable presentations.

Highlights

Interstitial deletions of 3q29 have recently been described as a new microdeletion syndrome [1]
BAC Array CGH Array CGH was performed with a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) microarray that was developed for the detection of microdeletions, microduplications, aneuploidy, unbalanced translocations, and subtelomeric and pericentromeric copy-number alterations [8]
The subtelomeric and pericentromeric regions are represented with a higher density of overlapping BAC clones, targeted to the unique sequences adjacent to these repetitive regions and consisting of contigs of clones located approximately every 0.5 Mb spanning more than 5 Mb

Summary

Introduction

Interstitial deletions of 3q29 have recently been described as a new microdeletion syndrome [1]. Autistic traits, chest-wall deformities, ungainly or ataxic gait, and long and tapering fingers were each described in at least two individuals. Several anomalies, such as microcephaly, cleft lip and palate, recurrent middle ear infections, ligamentous laxity, abnormal skin pigmentation, horseshoe kidney and hypospadias, have been described in individual patients. Interstitial deletions of 3q29 have been recently described as a microdeletion syndrome mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination between low-copy repeats resulting in an ~1.6 Mb common-sized deletion. Given the molecular mechanism causing the deletion, the reciprocal duplication is anticipated to occur with equal frequency, only one family with this duplication has been reported

Methods

Results

Conclusion