Abstract
In different biological model systems, exosomes are considered mediators of cell-cell communication between different cell populations. Exosomes, as extracellular vesicles, participate in physiological and pathological processes by transmitting signaling molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The tumor's microenvironment consists of many types of cells, including cancer stem cells and mesenchymal cells. It is well known that these cells communicate with each other and thereby regulate the progression of the tumor. Recent studies have provided evidence that exosomes mediate the interactions between different types of cells in the tumor microenvironment, providing further insight into how these cells interact through exosome signaling. Cancer stem cells are a small kind of heterogeneous cells that existed in tumor tissues or cancer cell lines. These cells possess a stemness phenotype with a self-renewal ability and multipotential differentiation which was considered the reason for the failure of conventional cancer therapies and tumor recurrence. However, a highly dynamic equilibrium was found between cancer stem cells and cancer cells, and this indicates that cancer stem cells are no more special target and blocking the transformation of cancer stem cells and cancer cells seem to be a more significant therapy strategy. Whether exosomes, as an information transforming carrier between cells, regulated cancer cell transformation in cancer stem cell dynamic equilibrium and targeting exosome signaling attenuated the formation of cancer stem cells and finally cure cancers is worthy of further study.
Highlights
Exosomes are vesicles of 30 to 100 nm in size originating in the endosomes
The exosomes of metastatic breast cancer cells are rich in miR-200s and can enhance the metastatic ability of nonmetastatic tumor cells [35]; GBM-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are rich in many tumorigenic miRNAs, including miR-21, miR-23a, miR-30a, miR-221, and miR-451
The contents of the exosomes carried by the exosomes differed from those of the cells, and they had originated in both species and expression levels, indicating that the exosomal contents were selectively sorted into the inward luminal vesicles (ILVs)
Summary
Exosomes are vesicles of 30 to 100 nm in size originating in the endosomes. Almost all cells release exosomes or extracellular vesicles (EVs) and are present in all body fluids. As carriers, play an important role in mediating cellular communication and substance exchange between tumor cells and other cells in their tumor microenvironment; they regulate tumor growth, metastasis, drug resistance (by transporting tumor-associated mRNAs, miRNAs, and proteins), angiogenesis, immune escape, and other processes. Exosomes are involved in the transformation between non-CSCs and CSCs and the maintenance of tumor stem cell homeostasis and their mechanisms of action. Stem Cells International stem cells can be studied further To this end, the paper discusses the processes of biogenesis and its contents, tumor stem cells, tumor stem cell dynamic balance and its influencing factors, the role of exosomes in maintaining the phenotype of cancer stem cells, and the treatment of exosomes and tumors. A brief review of the research progress is offered to provide a reference for relevant research
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