Abstract
Exosomes are biological nanoparticles (30−150 nm) secreted in the extracellular area from all of cells, that mediate intercellular message. Exosomes act as the carriers for numerous proteins, DNAs, RNAs and cell-signaling molecules. Therefore, exosomes secreted by the tumor cells are useful for diagnostic purposes because of their persistent presence in the blood and their provision of genetic cargo similar to those in tumor. Due to the risks of aggressive activity and ambiguity of biological activity in other tissues, the use of exosomes in drug delivery and imaging has been limited. However, their high loading, stability and longer circulation time, excellent targeting, high cell penetration performance, and optimal biodegradability have made them potential agents in targeted cancer treatment. Therefore, in addition to examining methods for isolating and loading exosomes, this paper discusses the applications of exosomes in biological measurement, imaging, and therapeutic activities. Also, this review describes the challenges of using exosomes compared to conventional methods and shows that it is very useful to use them due to less aggressive activities. Finally, this review attempts to provide an appropriate incentive by showing the performance of exosomes in cancer therapy through targeted drug delivery, gene therapy, imaging and diagnosis.
Highlights
Nanotechnology has provided new insights for the early detection and cancers therapy based on nanocarriers such as extracellular vesicles and organic or non-organic mesoporous nano membranes
Since extracellular vesicles provide strong potential for application in therapeutic interventions, with a safe and accurate treatment method compared to other nanoparticles, they have been highly regarded as potential drug carriers in recent studies
Along with the formation of intraluminal vesicles (ILVs), there is an independent corridor to Endosomal assorting collections necessary for shipping (EACNS) based on lipids like a ceramides that may play a role in the formation of exosomes [21]
Summary
Nanotechnology has provided new insights for the early detection and cancers therapy based on nanocarriers such as extracellular vesicles and organic or non-organic mesoporous nano membranes. Researchers have payed strong consideration in transferring pharmaceutical compounds to exosomes for potential application as drug carriers [8,14,15,16] for targeted therapies This is because of the large loading space resulting from two-layer membrane, suitable size, high biocompatibility and biodegradability, excellent targeting, good modification, sustainability and simple transfer of biological barriers, as well as non-toxicity of exosomes. In this literature, we present an outline of exosome based delivery systems for anticancer compounds in targeted tumor therapy. It can be considered that exosomes are one of the pathways for eliminating undegraded endosomal or lysosomal proteins
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