Abstract
Sepsis is a severe state of infection with high mortality. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) initiate dysregulated systemic inflammation upon binding to pattern recognition receptors. Exosomes are endosome-derived vesicles, which carry proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, and facilitate intercellular communications. Studies have shown altered contents and function of exosomes during sepsis. In sepsis, exosomes carry increased levels of cytokines and DAMPs to induce inflammation. Exosomal DAMPs include, but are not limited to, high mobility group box 1, heat shock proteins, histones, adenosine triphosphate, and extracellular RNA. Exosomes released during sepsis have impact on multiple organs, including the lungs, kidneys, liver, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system. Here, we review the mechanisms of inflammation caused by exosomes, and their contribution to multiple organ dysfunction in sepsis.
Highlights
Sepsis is systemic inflammation that occurs due to dysregulated host immune response to infection (1)
Exosomes derived from some cell types, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), and some biological contents of exosomes, such as a part of miRNAs, have been shown to have therapeutic potential, but here we mainly focus on the mechanisms of inflammation and sepsis development (6)
MiRNA19b-3p derived from tubular epithelial cells of LPS-induced Acute kidney injury (AKI) mice promoted M1 macrophage activation, which was associated with the activation of NF-κB and the upregulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), by suppressing suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 in vitro, and induced the upregulation of MCP-1 and IL-6, macrophage infiltration, and tubulointerstitial inflammation of kidney in vivo (53)
Summary
Edited by: Christoph Thiemermann, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom. Specialty section: This article was submitted to Inflammation, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology. Sepsis is a severe state of infection with high mortality. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) initiate dysregulated systemic inflammation upon binding to pattern recognition receptors. Exosomes are endosome-derived vesicles, which carry proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, and facilitate intercellular communications. Studies have shown altered contents and function of exosomes during sepsis. Exosomes carry increased levels of cytokines and DAMPs to induce inflammation. Exosomal DAMPs include, but are not limited to, high mobility group box 1, heat shock proteins, histones, adenosine triphosphate, and extracellular RNA. Exosomes released during sepsis have impact on multiple organs, including the lungs, kidneys, liver, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system. We review the mechanisms of inflammation caused by exosomes, and their contribution to multiple organ dysfunction in sepsis
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