Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. Considerable progress has been made to understand the exact mechanism leading to this disease. Most of what is known comes from the evidence of PD brains’ autopsies showing a deposition of Lewy bodies—containing a protein called α-synuclein (α-syn)—as the pathological determinant of PD. α-syn predisposes neurons to neurotoxicity and cell death, while the other associated mechanisms are mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which are underlying precursors to the death of dopaminergic neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta leading to disease progression. Several mechanisms have been proposed to unravel the pathological cascade of these diseases; most of them share a particular similarity: cell-to-cell communication through exosomes (EXOs). EXOs are intracellular membrane-based vesicles with diverse compositions involved in biological and pathological processes, which their secretion is driven by the NLR family pyrin domain-containing three proteins (NLRP3) inflammasome. Toxic biological fibrils are transferred to recipient cells, and the disposal of damaged organelles through generating mitochondrial-derived vesicles are suggested mechanisms for developing PD. EXOs carry various biomarkers; thus, they are promising to diagnose different neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). As nanovesicles, the applications of EXOs are not only restricted as diagnostics but also expanded to treat NDDs as therapeutic carriers and nano-scavengers. Herein, the aim is to highlight the potential incrimination of EXOs in the pathological cascade and progression of PD and their role as biomarkers and therapeutic carriers for diagnosing and treating this neuro-debilitating disorder.
Highlights
Classical classical techniques have due to modern technological advancement; other techniques have waned duewaned to modern technological advancement; other methods methods have emerged; the disadvantage that made researchers revert to the differential have emerged; the disadvantage that made researchers revert to the differential ultracenultracentrifugation is the contamination possible contamination of the final product with sametrifugation techniquetechnique is the possible of the final product with same-sized sized particles creating exosomal aggregates
Liu et al designed a core-shell hybrid system called a nanoscavenger by immature dendritic cells-derived EXOs loaded with hydrophobic CUR and hydrophilic siRNA molecules
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells that can be isolated from several tissues, including bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue, umbilical cord (UC), and placenta, because of their anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory properties
Summary
The disease’s pathogenicity is due to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta, named as the dark substance, which is the DAproducing region This region can control body movement, cognitive functions, and emotional activities. They are spherical and contain a protein called α-synuclein (α-syn) These bodies appear after the depletion of dopaminergic neurons at the substantia nigra pars compacta [7,8], explaining why α-syn gene overexpression or mutation is strongly associated with PD and dementia with Lewy bodies accumulation [9,10]. Though polymeric nanoparticles can solve the stability issue, their toxicity and biocompatibility remain a major concern, especially when using non-biodegradable polymers [24] Owing to their natural origin, EXOs can exhibit a limited long-term accumulation in most organs, leading to almost no systemic toxicity [25]. An exosomal drug delivery system with minimal toxicity, high biocompatibility, tissue and tumor targeting, and long-circulating t t becomes a more practical choice, conquering the drawbacks of liposomes or polymeric nanoparticles [21]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
