Abstract
Simple SummaryExosomes are small vesicles of 100 nm in size that are released from every cell constantly. They contain different molecules (DNA, RNA, lipids, metabolites, etc.) that reflect the content of the cell they come from. Exosomes can be found in all biological fluids. In cancer, exosomes are involved in several events such as tumor growth, metastasis, and the immune response, by delivering their cargos to recipient cells. Due to their unique features, exosomes have become promising analytes in the field of liquid biopsy, which searches for biomarkers to manage different steps of the tumor process. We believe that exosomes will become an important tool in liquid biopsy in the near future. In this review we provide an updated literature compilation about exosomes as biomarkers in oncology and discuss their possibilities and limitations.Among the different components that can be analyzed in liquid biopsy, the utility of exosomes is particularly promising because of their presence in all biological fluids and their potential for multicomponent analyses. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with an average size of ~100 nm in diameter with an endosomal origin. All eukaryotic cells release exosomes as part of their active physiology. In an oncologic patient, up to 10% of all the circulating exosomes are estimated to be tumor-derived exosomes. Exosome content mirrors the features of its cell of origin in terms of DNA, RNA, lipids, metabolites, and cytosolic/cell-surface proteins. Due to their multifactorial content, exosomes constitute a unique tool to capture the complexity and enormous heterogeneity of cancer in a longitudinal manner. Due to molecular features such as high nucleic acid concentrations and elevated coverage of genomic driver gene sequences, exosomes will probably become the “gold standard” liquid biopsy analyte in the near future.
Highlights
~100 nm) in diameter with an endosomal origin
Exosomes are generated in a process of sequential invagination of the plasma membrane that results in the formation of multivesicular bodies (MVBs), which can intersect with the trans-Golgi network, endoplasmic reticulum, or other intracellular vesicles, contributing to the content heterogeneity of exosomes
Exosome biogenesis is reflected in the presence of a variety of proteins either integrated in their membrane or as exosomal cargo: small
Summary
Exosomes have been shown to provide a natural mechanism for cell-to-cell communication, with a plethora of roles in physiology and pathology. Exosomes are known to play a very important role in the communication process between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Exosomes have been described to be involved in different neoplastic stages such as tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to Cancers 2021, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW therapy, contributing to different hallmark features of cancer (Figu7reof41)7 [34]. Many of these hallmarks will appear . In order to better explain the role of exosomes in intercellular communication and the effects that they trigger in recipient cells, we divided this epigraph into two sections, using the distance to which the receptor cell is located as the criterion. We focus on TEX examples as in the cancer field this is the central and most studied population of exosomes
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