Abstract
Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles mediate intercellular communication by transferring their cargo including DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids from cell to cell. Notably, in the immune system, they have protective functions. However in cancer, exosomes acquire new, immunosuppressive properties that cause the dysregulation of immune cells and immune escape of tumor cells supporting cancer progression and metastasis. Therefore, current investigations focus on the regulation of exosome levels for immunotherapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss the role of exosomes in immunomodulation of lymphoid and myeloid cells, and their use as immune stimulatory agents to elicit specific cytotoxic responses against the tumor.
Highlights
Exosomal vesicles (ExVs) become especially important when considering the movement of cell signals from tumor cells to healthy cells when they can help cancer cells to propagate genetic information that leads to the development and maintenance of metastases
The construction of artificial ExVs carrying the required molecule[s] could be an advantage and eliminate possible unwanted outcomes due to nucleic acids, proteins and lipids already present as ExV cargo. Such ExVs need to be empty and to permit [a] the addition of the selected immune derived molecule or anti-tumor compound and [b] to have surface markers to direct them to engage with a particular cell type
The variety of approaches employing ExVs described in the literature offers a variety of possible treatment regimes
Summary
ExV isolation from them is handicapped by the low number of cells available from a single muscle biopsy These workers examined the ExV yield obtained by ultracentrifugation and compared it with a modified polymer-based precipitation strategy employing extra washing steps. Clayton et al [16] isolated ExVs from cell-free culture supernatants using magnetic beads, coated with monoclonal antibodies specific for HLA DP, DQ, DR Such B-lymphocytes ExVs so derived allowed the demonstration of the expression of MHC Class I and II molecules. This approach permitted a good harvest of ExVs from human MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 breast cancer cells, HCT116 colon cancer cells, and HeLa cervical cancer cells Given that this approach can give an approximately threefold greater yield as compared to the above conventional techniques, the nanowires could provide a useful tool in the isolation of ExVs from a liquid biopsy.
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