Abstract
Exosomes, powerful extracellular nanovesicles released from almost all types of living cells, are considered the communication engines (messengers) that control and reprogram physiological pathways inside target cells within a community or between different communities. The cell-like structure of these extracellular vesicles provides a protective environment for their proteins and DNA/RNA cargos, which serve as biomarkers for many malicious diseases, including infectious diseases and cancers. Cancer-derived exosomes control cancer metastasis, prognosis, and development. In addition to the unique structure of exosomes, their nanometer size and tendency of interacting with cells makes them a viable novel drug delivery solution. In recent years, numerous research efforts have been made to quantify and characterize disease-derived exosomes for diagnosis, monitoring, and therapeutic purposes. This review aims to (1) relate exosome biomarkers to their origins, (2) focus on current isolation and detection methods, (3) discuss and evaluate the proposed technologies deriving from exosome research for cancer treatment, and (4) form a conclusion about the prospects of the current exosome research.
Highlights
Engines in Cancer: Isolation, There are two types of extracellular vesicles released from cells: exosomes and ectosomes
Exosomes have been isolated according to their size using a hydrostatic filtration dialysis (HFD) system forced with a low hydrostatic pressure
Researchers in Switzerland focused on using multiple antigens to instantly capture and identify exosomes derived from breast cancer from three cell lines and characterize their disease development [27]
Summary
Engines in Cancer: Isolation, There are two types of extracellular vesicles released from cells: exosomes and ectosomes. When exosomes were first discovered in 1981 in mammalian cells, they were believed to act as discharged vesicles of obsolete molecules [16,17] After their roles in communication were revealed, they were thought to communicate only within one species, but they were later found to engage in interkingdom communication [10]. Due to their roles in cellular communications, exosomes are carriers for vital biomarkers that originate from parental cells These biomarkers include nucleic acids, e.g., miR-21, which is considered a reference biomarker for ovarian [18], prostate [19], and breast cancers [20]. Since cancer-derived exosomes are involved in both the development and metastasis of cancer through intracellular communication [27,28], are Characterization and Detection.
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